Understanding SQL Injection in the Context of ZAP

SQL injection occurs when applications incorporate untrusted user input directly into SQL queries without proper sanitization or parameterization. Attackers exploit this by injecting malicious SQL code that alters query logic, potentially accessing unauthorized data or executing administrative commands. ZAP approaches SQL injection detection through multiple techniques: pattern-based detection looking for database errors, time-based blind injection using delays, and boolean-based blind injection comparing different responses.

The complexity of modern applications creates numerous potential injection points beyond obvious URL parameters. Form fields, cookies, HTTP headers, JSON payloads, XML data, and even file uploads can serve as SQL injection vectors. ZAP's comprehensive approach tests all these potential entry points, but understanding where injections commonly occur helps focus manual testing efforts on high-risk areas.

Database diversity adds complexity to SQL injection testing. Different database systems—MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, SQLite—use varying SQL syntaxes and respond differently to injection attempts. ZAP includes payloads tailored to different databases, automatically attempting multiple variations to identify vulnerabilities regardless of backend technology. This database-agnostic approach ensures comprehensive coverage while requiring testers to understand result interpretation across platforms.