API and Control Plane Threats

Cloud platforms expose extensive APIs that provide programmatic access to all functionality. These APIs represent the primary attack surface for cloud infrastructure. API authentication typically relies on access keys or tokens that, if compromised, provide extensive access. Unlike passwords that humans might notice if misused, API credentials can be silently exploited for extended periods.

Rate limiting and throttling mechanisms, while preventing some abuse, can be circumvented through distributed attacks or by staying below thresholds. Attackers might slowly exfiltrate data or enumerate resources without triggering alerts. Some API operations lack adequate logging, allowing stealthy reconnaissance. The richness of cloud APIs means attackers can often find alternative methods to achieve their objectives.

Metadata services provide instance information but can leak sensitive data if not properly secured. The famous Capital One breach exploited SSRF to access AWS metadata service, obtaining credentials for broader access. Similar services exist across cloud providers, each with unique security considerations. Applications must be designed to prevent metadata service access, but default configurations often allow it.

Control plane attacks target the management layer of cloud services. DNS hijacking could redirect traffic from legitimate services. BGP hijacking might route traffic through attacker-controlled infrastructure. Certificate authority compromise could enable man-in-the-middle attacks. While cloud providers implement controls against these attacks, customers must understand residual risks and implement appropriate defenses.