Initial Security Testing and Validation

After completing initial hardening, validate your configuration using security scanning tools:

# Check listening ports
sudo netstat -tulpn | grep LISTEN

# Verify firewall rules
sudo ufw status verbose  # Ubuntu
sudo firewall-cmd --list-all  # CentOS

# Test web server configuration
apache2ctl -t  # Apache
nginx -t       # Nginx

# Check for security updates
sudo apt list --upgradable  # Ubuntu/Debian
sudo yum check-update       # CentOS/RHEL

# Scan for common vulnerabilities
sudo apt install lynis
sudo lynis audit system

Document your server configuration and establish a baseline for future security audits. Create a security checklist that includes:

Operating system version and patch level
Installed packages and versions
Active services and ports
User accounts and permissions
Firewall rules
Security configurations applied

This initial hardening provides a solid foundation for your web server security. In subsequent chapters, we'll build upon this foundation with SSL/TLS configuration, advanced security headers, and specialized security modules. Remember that security is an ongoing process—regularly review and update your configurations as new threats emerge and security best practices evolve.## Security Testing and Audit Procedures

Regular security testing and auditing ensure your Apache or Nginx web server maintains its defensive posture against evolving threats. This chapter provides comprehensive guidance on implementing systematic security testing procedures, conducting thorough audits, and establishing continuous security assessment practices. We'll cover both manual and automated testing methods, compliance verification, and creating actionable remediation plans based on audit findings.