Quantum-Resistant Encryption

Quantum computing threatens current public-key cryptography systems, with algorithms like Shor's potentially breaking RSA and ECC encryption. While practical quantum computers capable of breaking current encryption remain years away, organizations must begin planning transitions to quantum-resistant algorithms. NIST's Post-Quantum Cryptography standardization process has identified several promising approaches, including lattice-based, code-based, and hash-based cryptography.

Hybrid approaches combining classical and post-quantum algorithms provide transition strategies, maintaining compatibility while adding quantum resistance. Crypto-agility—the ability to quickly change cryptographic algorithms—becomes crucial for managing algorithm transitions. Systems should abstract cryptographic operations, enabling algorithm changes without extensive code modifications. Regular algorithm inventory and dependency mapping help identify transition requirements and potential compatibility issues.

Implementing proper encryption requires more than selecting strong algorithms. Success depends on comprehensive key management, appropriate algorithm selection for specific use cases, and careful attention to implementation details. As we continue exploring secure data storage practices, remember that encryption provides crucial protection but must integrate with other security measures for comprehensive data protection.## Password Storage: Hashing, Salting, and Modern Techniques

Password storage represents one of the most critical aspects of user data security, yet it remains one of the most frequently misimplemented security measures. The consequences of poor password storage extend far beyond individual account compromises—leaked password databases enable credential stuffing attacks across multiple services, exploiting users' tendency to reuse passwords. This chapter delves deep into the evolution of password storage techniques, from basic hashing to modern adaptive algorithms, providing practical implementation guidance for storing passwords securely in contemporary applications.