The Kubernetes Threat Model

The Kubernetes Threat Model

A comprehensive threat model for Kubernetes must consider both external attackers and insider threats. External attackers typically begin with reconnaissance, scanning for exposed Kubernetes services and misconfigurations. Common entry points include exposed API servers without proper authentication, vulnerable container images, and misconfigured network policies. Once inside, attackers attempt privilege escalation, lateral movement, and data exfiltration. Understanding these attack patterns helps prioritize security controls.

Container escape represents one of the most serious threats in Kubernetes environments. Attackers achieving container escape can access the host system and potentially other containers on the same node. Escape techniques exploit kernel vulnerabilities, misconfigured security contexts, or privileged containers. Real-world exploits like CVE-2022-0185 demonstrate that kernel vulnerabilities can enable container escape even from seemingly restricted containers. Defense requires multiple layers, including proper security contexts, up-to-date kernels, and runtime protection.

Supply chain attacks targeting Kubernetes deployments have increased significantly. Attackers compromise container images, Helm charts, or Kubernetes operators to inject malicious code that executes when deployed. The distributed nature of cloud-native applications, with dependencies on numerous third-party components, amplifies supply chain risks. Organizations must implement comprehensive scanning, signing, and verification processes throughout their deployment pipelines.