Mapping the Software Supply Chain

Understanding software supply chains requires thinking beyond simple component lists to consider the entire ecosystem that delivers software from development to production. The supply chain begins with original component authors—often open source contributors working voluntarily on projects. These components flow through package repositories like npm, PyPI, or Maven Central, which serve as distribution points. Organizations then consume these components through various tools and processes, ultimately delivering applications to end users.

Each link in this chain introduces potential vulnerabilities. Authors might intentionally introduce malicious code, or their accounts might be compromised. Package repositories can be targets for attackers seeking to distribute malware widely. The distribution mechanisms themselves—from CDNs to mirror sites—represent attack vectors. Even the tools used to download and manage dependencies can be compromised, as demonstrated by attacks on build systems and development tools.

The temporal dimension of supply chains adds complexity. A component secure today might be vulnerable tomorrow when researchers discover new flaws. Maintainers might abandon projects, leaving them without security updates. Ownership transfers can introduce risk if new maintainers have different security practices or malicious intent. This dynamic nature means that supply chain security requires continuous monitoring rather than point-in-time assessment.